Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) offers significant advantages over conventional sintering techniques, transforming the field of powder metallurgy.

Vacuum heat treatment is a process in which the pressure in a furnace is reduced using a vacuum pump and materials are heat treated. This process helps to suppress oxidation of metals and results in a shiny and bright appearance.

The key difference between hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and cold isostatic pressing (CIP) is the temperature at which the process occurs: HIP is performed at elevated temperatures, allowing for full consolidation of materials and improved properties, while CIP happens at ambient temperature, primarily used for compacting powder into a "green" part

Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) is a manufacturing process where a material is simultaneously subjected to high temperature and uniform pressure from all directions (isostatic pressure) to eliminate internal voids, increase density, and improve the mechanical properties of the material, typically used on metals and ceramics; essentially, it "sintering

A vacuum furnace consists of a sealed chamber where the heat treatment process takes place. The chamber is connected to a vacuum system that removes nitrogen and oxygen, preventing oxidation and contamination of the processed material.